Single Camera
Single cameras film the action with just one camera. Using a single camera takes more time we just have one camera we can only film the actors from one angle if we want to get a different shot we need to re film the scene from a different angle. An example of this would be the comedy drama show 'modern family'. 

Advantages

• Scenes don't have to be shot in sequence. 
• You aren't limited of how much space you need.  
• Single camera appears more real to the audience. Therefore it has a greater impact on them making it easier to relate to what is on screen. 
• Cheaper to film because you only use one camera. 
• Easier to set up and move around as there is only one camera

180 degree rule

When filming you shouldn't cross the line of vision called the axis of action this is a invisible line that has been established in the first shot.This is because it will disorient the viewer a the characters position on the screen will switch. some film makers purposely break the rule to disorient the viewer.

Disadvantages 

• you only get one angle at a time.
• More time is spent in the editing room. Because all of the film will be from one camera.
• Outtakes and mistakes will be have to be sorted out over time, you can edit certain sequences, angles and scenes based on the camera that was shooting. 
• The quality of the camera wouldn't be that clear or realistic.

multi camera 

Multi camera films the action with several cameras all at the same time and is often filmed at TV studio. The footage is than edited live in real time, by the vision mixer. Filming with multi cameras allows us to capture the action from several cameras from just one take. It’s quick because it’s mostly filmed just once.An example of multi camera techniques would be the comedy show 'friends'.

Advantages

•  Allows people to cover more area as there are more cameras, using different shots for each camera, you are able to see reactions and emotions through different angles.
• The transition from one person to another will be smoother as they film the whole thing together than shooting one person then re-doing it to film the other person. 
• Its more quicker to film as they do not have to re-do the same scene over and over to get each piece of footage like they would in single camera.

Disadvantages

•  Longer to set up due to the large amount of equipment.
•  More expensive than single camera because as there is more than 1 camera you would be using. 
• Directors would only be able to use this in studios as it wouldn't be possible to be used outdoor.  

Formats and Genres

• Single drama used to be common but now rare, its a one off subject that is more suitable for television than cinema. 
• A drama serial is pre-written with a number of episodes.
• some feature films are made using single camera methods.Mostly used for time dramas,movies, music videos and commercial adverts. 
• soap operas, talk shows and some sitcoms are more frequently use the multi camera set-up.
• single camera methods can also be used in documentaries most tv and single dramas for example skins.

Narrative

What is realist and anti realist?
Narrative is the way in which the story is told towards the audience.Realist and anti realist are two types of narrative.Realist is based on truth life stories for example bones. Whereas anti-realists is where anything can happen like in the show Dr. Who where everything is all entirely out of reality.The ending can be left in different ways a linear story progresses in order of events. usually a straight forward story making the audience follow the sequence of events as seen in game of thrones.

What is multi-stranded?
Multi stranded is where there is several types of narratives running at the same time showing mystery and suspense in a show.For example in many opera shows such as coronation street
eastenders the narrative changes between each different families in each episode being based on different story lines. 

What is an episodic narrative?
An episodic narrative is when there is a cliff hanger at the end of each episode telling a new story to the audience which leads onto the next episode.The purpose of this is to encourage more viewers to watch the show as you have to continue watching to see what happens next revealing answers.

What is a web series?
A web series is a series of scripted videos commonly in the episodic form. An example of a web series is the show called 'Lol'.
Skins has an unusual narrative structure it is both a serial, in that episodes follow one another chronologically, and also a series, each programme is self contained. The programme focuses on one character from the ‘gang’ in each episode, and most of the rest of the gang will appear in each ‘others’ programme; the ‘focus’ character must always be onscreen unless they’ve just left or are about to arrive.

Unit 22- single camera teachniques

different format and examples 

A TV series is, the number of episodes of a TV show. They are given at different times throughout the year. Which may follow into a second series. They can be viewed from a variety of options such as Netflix, 4OD etc, but are first viewed on TV. Which then later can be either turned into a dvd or box set.  Examples such as Skins, Waterloo road and more.

A serial which is a single series that usually consists of 3-6 episodes and is not continued by a second series. Its more popular in a small crime drama such as 'The guilty'. Also another example would be soaps such as Eastenders, Cornation street, Emerdale and holly oaks.

A single drama is an special part drama and normally only lasts for a few episodes And doesn't continue to a second series. An example of this would be the drama seekers called 'Murder' Which won best single drama in 2013. It was filmed using single techniques this allows directors to be very precise and creative with the lighting and shots.

Breaking bad camera shot analysis 

In the 'stay put of my territory' scene we notice the use of movement as the camera follows him whilst walking into the store. Showing a mid shot of his face to his upper body. There was also a use of zooming in the scene. It involves changing the focal length of the lens to make the subject appear closer or further away in the frame. An example of a zoom would be will the man in glasses watches the car drive off it begins from a long shot zooming in close to an close up.At this point we notice anger in his face. 

Other than movement of the camera the director uses varies of shot angles to catch the action most commonly close ups and mid-close ups. A close-up of a person emphasizes their emotional state. Whereas a mid shot is more appropriate for delivering facts and general information, a close-up exaggerates facial expressions which emotion. This is to make the viewer drawn into the subject's personal space and to shares their feelings.  

High key lighting  is a style of lighting for film and photography that aims to reduce the lightin ratio present in the scene. It is often used in sitcoms and comedies. High-key lighting is usually quite homogeneous and free from dark shadows. The terminology comes from the main light
Interesting example of lighting can be found in Saul’s office.  The character has a job of profiting from criminals like Walt and Jesse, while managing to avoid the type of danger that Walt seems to attract. The lighting in his office is a perfect characterization of this.  The high windows creates the sense that it’s a space that the light tries to penetrate, but can’t.

Genre and technical examples of single camera productions

Introduction 
In this blogpost, I will be giving different genre examples of which use single camera techniques.As well as discussing technical uses of sound, lighting, and camera angles used within the media production.

Genre examples

Sci - fi : Doctor who
The show doctor who has used examples of single camera techniques when the Doctor is having a conversation with his sidekick rose. They use shots such as mid close ups and over the shoulder which show us the conversation.

The sound in the show has lot of sound effects to help the scene match the diegetic sounds. tHere is a use of soundtracks which empathise feelings and motion within the shot. Example of this would be where they use slow music for sad scenes.

The lighting in the show are normal background and key lighting. To show that the audience that the characters where apart of certain parts and were in the show. The program is therefore not staged.

Camera angles I noticed used in doctor who were mostly long shots and high angle shots this is so the  drama is able to capture all action going on in the scene and show all aspects of it. Also to fill the whole screen of the shot.

Comedy: Miranda
We see single camera techniques in the show when the protagonist makes a joke, which she talks directly to the audience to engage them in the program and create humour. To show that she is talking  directly to the audience the camera shifts to her using a mid close up when she speaks.

The sound effects which are used in a comedy sitcom are laughter when something happens or something said in the show is found to be funny. The other sound is the regular voice which is include in the scene

Lighting effects in the show such as normal background and key lighting to let the audience know that they are connected to the characters in the show.

Most camera shots used in the show are mid shots as that's what you will see when talking to someone in relailty so it's related to normal people. Using mid shots captures the motions would is going on in the scene giving an understanding of what is going to happen next.

Hwk : Camera shots and angles

Title of assignment: The features of single camera productions

Introduction
In my blogpost, I will be evualuating a single camera production as well as its uses including examples, I also will be highlighting the disadvantages and advantages of a single camera production,furthermore, providing examples of different formats of media products which use single camera techniques. 

Single camera shot
A production using the single-camera setup generally involves just one camera. Each of the various shots and camera angles is taken using the same camera, which is moved and reset to get each shot or new angle. The lighting setup is typically reconfigured for each camera setup.A single camera shot is a method of film making and video and production. Using a single camera takes more time we just have one camera we can only film the actors from one angle if we want to get a different shot we need to re film the scene from a different angle The single-camera setup gives the director more control over each shot, but is more time consuming and more expensive than multiple-camera. The choice of single-camera or multiple-camera setups is made separately from the choice of film or video that is, either setup can be shot in either film or video. e.g feature films such as Django Unchained etc

Advantages

The advantages of a single camera production is that scenes don't have to be shot in sequence. The final sequence of scenes is arranged during editing. Single camera shows that directors believe it appears more real to the audience. Therefore it has a greater impact on them making it easier to relate to what is on screen. It's cheaper to film apposed to multiple camera techniques, as only one camera needs to be purchased or hired. As well as easier to set up and move around as there is only one camera.
Disadvantages 

 Most disadvantageous aspect of shooting with single-camera production is that you only get one angle at a time. you'll be spending a lot more time in the editing room. Because all of the film will be from one camera, all of your outtakes and mistakes will be have to be sorted out over time, as opposed to a multi-camera approach, where you can edit certain sequences, angles and scenes based on the camera that was shooting. The quality of the camera wouldn't be that clear or realistic.

Multi-Camera

In contrast, a multi-camera setup consists of multiple cameras arranged to capture all of the different camera angles of the scene simultaneously, and the set must be lit to accommodate all camera setups concurrently. Multi-camera production generally results in faster but less versatile photography.The single-camera setup gives the director more control over each shot, but is more time consuming and expensive than multiple-camera. Multiple-camera setups shot on video can be switched "live-to-tape" during the performance, while setups shot on film still require that the various camera angles be edited together later. e.g live events such as concerts and sports, as well as studio based shows such as Jeremy Kyle, this morning etc.
Advantages

Multi-Camera production uses more than the one camera, using more than one camera has its advantages. 
Using multi-camera allows people to: Cover more area as there are more cameras,
Use different shots for each camera, be able to see reactions and emotions through different angles, 
the transition from one person to another will be smoother as they film the whole thing together than shooting one person then re-doing it to film the other person. It will also be quicker to film as they do not have to re-do the same scene over and over to get each piece of footage like they would in single camera.
Disadvantages
It takes longer to set up due to the large amount of equipment. Its more expensive than single camera because there are more than 1 camera you would be using. Directors would only be able to use this in studios as it wouldn't be possible to be used outdoor.  

Shot	Visual Composition	Use
Extreme long shot	characters are small in frame; all or major parts of buildings appear	establishes physical context of action; shows landscape and architectural exteriors
Long shot	All or nearly all of the standing person; large parts of a building	shows a large scale action; shows whole groups of people; displays large architectural details
Medium shot	Character shown from waist up; medium-sized architectural details	small groups such as two or three people
Close-up	Head and neck of character; objects about the size of the desktop computer fill frame	focus on one character; facial expression very important
Extreme close-up	The frame filled with just part of a character or very small objects	facial features in a character or small objects